A neural network refers to interconnecting artificial neurons that mimic the properties of biological neurons to perform sophisticated, intelligent tasks. This authoritative reference offers a comprehensive understanding of the underpinnings and practical applications of artificial neural networks and their use in the retrieval of geophysical parameters. Professionals find expert guidance on the development and evaluation of neural network algorithms that process data from a new generation of hyperspectral sensors. Engineers discover how to use neural networks to approximate remote sensing inverse functions with emphasis on model selection, preprocessing, initialization, training, and performance evaluation.