Focusing on how increased understanding of brain function affects clinical neuroscience, Modern Neurosurgery: Clinical Translation of Neuroscience Advances explores the interface between neuroscience advances and clinical neuroscience advances by examining the hypotheses that drive this evolution. The authors review the relevant underpinnings of new neurosurgical techniques, treatments, and conceptual approaches, which are likely to shape clinical neuroscience over the next decade. A critical aspect of this rational approach is to underscore what needs to be done in each field, potentially leading to further study and improvements.