This book constitutes the refreed proceedings of the Seventh Theory of Cryptography Conference, TCC 2010, held in Zurich, Switzerland, February 9-11, 2010. The 33 revised full papers presented together with two invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 100 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on parallel repetition, obfuscation, multiparty computation, CCA security, threshold cryptography and secret sharing, symmetric cryptography, key-leakage and tamper-resistance, rationality and privacy, public-key encryption, and zero-knowledge.