The theme of this book is the distribution of the abundance of organisms in space and time. Its core lies in how local births and deaths are tied to emigration and immigration processes, and how environmental variability at different scales affects population dynamics with stochastic processes and spatial structure. The book shows how elementary analytical tools can be used to understand population fluctuations, synchrony, processes underlying range distributions and community structure and species coexistence, as well as how spatial population dynamics models can be used to understand life history evolution and aspects of evolutionary game theory.