Introduction to Fluid Mechanics provides a balanced and uniquely visual treatment of the tools used in solving modern fluid mechanics problems. Presenting an image-intensive approach to fluid dynamics through classic kinematic concepts, the book demonstrates the importance of flow visualization in a framework of modern experimental techniques and flow simulation.Detailed photographs and diagrams of fluid motions and phenomena throughout the text help students to see and understand why equations change drastically for different types of flows. Output illustrations from CFD (computational fluid dynamics) programs illustrate the possibilities of flow behavior, enabling students to concentrate on ideas instead of mathematics. The book also provides the means to solve interesting problems early in the course by presenting case studies at the beginning of the text. These cases are revisited later to reinforce empirical rules and help explain advanced methods of analyzing a flow.Creating a foundation for further study in this important and exciting field, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics is ideal for a first course in fluid mechanics. The book is designed to accommodate students concentrating in mechanical engineering as well as those in the civil, aerospace, and chemical engineering fields.-Книга предлагает сбалансированную и уникальную визуальную демонстрацию инструментов, используемых в решении современных задач механики жидкостей. Предлагая интенсивный визуально-ориентированный подход к гидрогазодинамике через классические кинематические понятия, демонстрируется важность визуализации потока в структуре современных экспериментальных методов и моделирования потока. Детальные фотографии и диаграммы движений жидкостей и явлений по тексту помогают студентам видеть и понять, почему уравнения изменяются решительно для различных типов потоков. Выходные данные программы CFD (вычислительная гидрогазодинамика) иллюстрируют возможности поведения потока, позволяя студентам сконцентрироваться на идеях вместо математики. Книга также представляет средства для решения интересных проблем на ранних стадиях, путем представления тематических исследований, в начале этого текста. Эти случаи повторно освещаются позже, чтобы укрепить эмпирические правила, и помогают объяснить передовые методы анализа потока. Создавая базу для дальнейшего исследования в этой важной и захватывающей области, книга идеальна для первого курса изучения механики жидкостей. Книга разработана предназначена для студентов, специализирующихся в машиностроении, а также в гражданской, космической, и химической инженерии.-Релиз группы -


Оглавление
CHAPTER 1

Fundamental Concepts

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Gases, Liquids, and Solids 14

1.3 Methods of Description 22

1.3.1 Continuum Hypothesis 23

1.3.2 Continuum and Noncontinuum Descriptions 24

1.3.3 Molecular Description 26

1.3.4 Lagrangian Description 27

1.3.5 Eulerian Description 27

1.3.6 Choice of Description 28

1.4 Dimensions and Unit Systems 29

1.4.1 {MLtT} Systems 30

1.4.2 {FLtT} Systems 31

1.4.3 {FMLtT} Systems 31

1.4.4 Preferred Unit Systems 32

1.4.5 Unit Conversions 33

1.5 Problem Solving 34

1.6 Summary 35

Problems 36

CHAPTER 2

Fluid Properties

2.1 Introduction 43

2.2 Mass, Weight, and Density 43

2.2.1 Specific Weight 48

2.2.2 Specific Gravity 49

2.3 Pressure 51

2.3.1 Pressure Variation in a Stationary Fluid 54

2.3.2 Manometer Readings 57

2.3.3 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle 58

2.3.4 Pressure Variation in a Moving Fluid 60

2.4 Temperature and Other Thermal Properties 64

2.4.1 Specific Heat 65

2.4.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 67

2.5 The Perfect Gas Law 70

2.5.1 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific

Heats of a Perfect Gas 70

2.5.2 Limits of Applicability 71

2.6 Bulk Compressibility Modulus 73

2.6.1 Speed of Sound 76

2.7 Viscosity 80

2.7.1 Viscous Dissipation 83

2.7.2 Bulk Viscosity 83

2.8 Surface Tension 85

2.8.1 Pressure Jump Across a Curved Interface 87

2.8.2 Contact Angle and Wetting 90

2.8.3 Capillary Action 90

2.9 Fluid Energy 93

2.9.1 Internal Energy 93

2.9.2 Kinetic Energy 94

2.9.3 Potential Energy 95

2.9.4 Total Energy 95

2.10 Summary 97

Problems 99

CHAPTER 3

Case Studies in Fluid Mechanics

3.1 Introduction 103

3.2 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid

Mechanics 105

3.3 Case Studies 114

3.3.1 Flow in a Round Pipe 115

3.3.2 Flow Through Area Change 120

3.3.3 Pump and Fan Laws 124

3.3.4 Flat Plate Boundary Layer 128

3.3.5 Drag on Cylinders and Spheres 132

3.3.6 Lift and Drag on Airfoils 137

3.4 Summary 140

Problems 141

CHAPTER 4

Fluid Forces

4.1 Introduction 146

4.2 Classification of Fluid Forces 148

4.3 The Origins of Body and Surface Forces 149

4.4 Body Forces 152

4.5 Surface Forces 160

4.5.1 Flow Over a Flat Plate 171

4.5.2 Flow Through a Round Pipe 173

4.5.3 Lift and Drag 175

4.6 Stress in a Fluid 178

4.7 Force Balance in a Fluid 187

4.8 Summary 190

Problems 191

CHAPTER 5

Fluid Statics

5.1 Introduction 197

5.2 Hydrostatic Stress 199

5.3 Hydrostatic Equation 201

5.3.1 Integral Hydrostatic Equation 202

5.3.2 Differential Hydrostatic Equation 205

5.4 Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution 210

5.4.1 Constant Density Fluid in a Gravity Field 211

5.4.2 Variable Density Fluid in a Gravity Field 218

5.4.3 Constant Density Fluid in Rigid Rotation 222

5.4.4 Constant Density Fluid in Rectilinear Acceleration 229

5.5 Hydrostatic Force 233

5.5.1 Planar Aligned Surface 234

5.5.2 Planar Nonaligned Surface 238

5.5.3 Curved Surface 248

5.6 Hydrostatic Moment 252

5.6.1 Planar Aligned Surface 256

5.6.2 Planar Nonaligned Surface 260

5.7 Resultant Force and Point of Application 267

5.8 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle 269

5.9 Equilibrium and Stability of Immersed Bodies 275

5.10 Summary 278

Problems 280

CHAPTER 6

The Velocity Field and Fluid Transport

6.1 Introduction 299

6.2 The Fluid Velocity Field 300

6.3 Fluid Acceleration 312

6.4 The Substantial Derivative 319

6.5 Classification of Flows 320

6.5.1 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flow 321

6.5.2 Uniform, Axisymmetric, and Spatially Periodic Flow 327

6.5.3 Fully Developed Flow 331

6.5.4 Steady Flow, Steady Process, and Temporally

Periodic Flow 332

6.6 No-Slip, No-Penetration Boundary Conditions 336

6.7 Fluid Transport 337

6.7.1 Convective Transport 340

6.7.2 Diffusive Transport 348

6.7.3 Total Transport 352

6.8 Average Velocity and Flowrate 358

6.9 Summary 363

Problems 365

CHAPTER 7

Control Volume Analysis

7.1 Introduction 375

7.2 Basic Concepts: System and Control Volume 376

7.3 System and Control Volume Analysis 377

7.4 Reynolds Transport Theorem for a System 381

7.5 Reynolds Transport Theorem for a Control Volume 382

7.6 Control Volume Analysis 385

7.6.1 Mass Balance 386

7.6.2 Momentum Balance 397

7.6.3 Energy Balance 420

7.6.4 Angular Momentum Balance 439

7.7 Summary 450

Problems 452

CHAPTER 8

Flow of an Inviscid Fluid: the Bernoulli Equation

8.1 Introduction 474

8.2 Frictionless Flow Along a Streamline 475

8.3 Bernoulli Equation 477

8.3.1 Bernoulli Equation for an Incompressible Fluid 479

8.3.2 Cavitation 482

8.3.3 Bernoulli Equation for a Compressible Fluid 487

8.4 Static, Dynamic, Stagnation, and Total Pressure 490

8.5 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 496

8.5.1 Pitot Tube 496

8.5.2 Siphon 503

8.5.3 Sluice Gate 509

8.5.4 Flow through Area Change 511

8.5.5 Draining of a Tank 518

8.6 Relationship to the Energy Equation 521

8.7 Summary 524

Problems 526

CHAPTER 9

Dimensional Analysis and Similitude

9.1 Introduction 534

9.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 536

9.3 Repeating Variable Method 540

9.4 Similitude and Model Development 549

9.5 Correlation of Experimental Data 554

9.6 Application to Case Studies 557

9.6.1 DA of Flow in a Round Pipe 557

9.6.2 DA of Flow through Area Change 558

9.6.3 DA of Pump and Fan Laws 559

9.6.4 DA of Flat Plate Boundary Layer 561

9.6.5 DA of Drag on Cylinders and Spheres 562

9.6.6 DA of Lift and Drag on Airfoils 562

9.7 Summary 563

Problems 564

DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLOW

CHAPTER 10

Elements of Flow Visualization and Flow Structure

10.1 Introduction 573

10.2 Lagrangian Kinematics 578

10.2.1 Particle Path, Velocity, Acceleration 578

10.2.2 Lagrangian Fluid Properties 589

10.3 The Eulerian–Lagrangian Connection 590

10.4 Material Lines, Surfaces, and Volumes 592

10.5 Pathlines and Streaklines 597

10.6 Streamlines and Streamtubes 603

10.7 Motion and Deformation 607

10.8 Velocity Gradient 612

10.9 Rate of Rotation 619

10.9.1 Vorticity 622

10.9.2 Circulation 628

10.9.3 Irrotational Flow and Velocity Potential 632

10.10 Rate of Expansion 635

10.10.1 Dilation 636

10.10.2 Incompressible Fluid and Incompressible Flow 638

10.10.3 Streamfunction 643

10.11 Rate of Shear Deformation 650

10.12 Summary 653

Problems 654

CHAPTER 11

Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics

11.1 Introduction 659

11.2 Continuity Equation 660

11.3 Momentum Equation 666

11.4 Constitutive Model for a Newtonian Fluid 671

11.5 Navier–Stokes Equations 678

11.6 Euler Equations 683

11.6.1 Streamline Coordinates 689

11.6.2 Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation 692

11.7 The Energy Equation 699

11.8 Discussion 702

11.8.1 Initial and Boundary Conditions 702

11.8.2 Nondimensionalization 703

11.8.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 706

11.9 Summary 708

Problems 709

CHAPTER 12

Analysis of Incompressible Flow

12.1 Introduction 713

12.2 Steady Viscous Flow 718

12.2.1 Plane Couette Flow 720

12.2.2 Circular Couette Flow 723

12.2.3 Poiseuille Flow Between Parallel Plates 732

12.2.4 Poiseuille Flow in a Pipe 737

12.2.5 Flow over a Cylinder (CFD) 741

12.3 Unsteady Viscous Flow 744

12.3.1 Startup of Plane Couette Flow 749

12.3.2 Unsteady Flow over a Cylinder (CFD) 752

12.4 Turbulent Flow 754

12.4.1 Reynolds Equations 756

12.4.2 Steady Turbulent Flow Between Parallel Plates (CFD) 757

12.5 Inviscid Irrotational Flow 760

12.5.1 Plane Potential Flow 761

12.5.2 Elementary Plane Potential Flows 769

12.5.3 Superposition of Elementary Plane Potential Flows 772

12.5.4 Flow over a Cylinder with Circulation 777

12.6 Summary 780

Problems 782

APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 13

Flow in Pipes and Ducts

13.1 Introduction 791

13.2 Steady, Fully Developed Flow in a Pipe or Duct 793

13.2.1 Major Head Loss 799

13.2.2 Friction Factor 801

13.2.3 Friction Factors in Laminar Flow 805

13.2.4 Friction Factors in Turbulent Flow 812

13.3 Analysis of Flow in Single Path Pipe and Duct Systems 817

13.3.1 Minor Head Loss 824

13.3.2 Pump and Turbine Head 835

13.3.3 Examples 838

13.4 Analysis of Flow in Multiple Path Pipe and Duct Systems 846

13.5 Elements of Pipe and Duct System Design 851

13.5.1 Pump and Fan Selection 853

13.6 Summary 864

Problems 867

CHAPTER 14

External Flow

14.1 Introduction 882

14.2 Boundary Layers: Basic Concepts 884

14.2.1 Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate 887

14.2.2 Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate 894

14.2.3 Boundary Layer on an Airfoil or Other Body 898

14.3 Drag: Basic Concepts 902

14.4 Drag Coefficients 905

14.4.1 Low Reynolds Number Flow 905

14.4.2 Cylinders 908

14.4.3 Spheres 913

14.4.4 Bluff Bodies 916

14.5 Lift and Drag of Airfoils 926

14.6 Summary 933

Problems 935

CHAPTER 15

Open Channel Flow

15.1 Introduction 942

15.2 Basic Concepts in Open Channel Flow 945

15.3 The Importance of the Froude Number 952

15.3.1 Flow over a Bump or Depression 953

15.3.2 Flow in a Horizontal Channel of Varying Width 961

15.3.3 Propagation of Surface Waves 965

15.3.4 Hydraulic Jump 972

15.4 Energy Conservation in Open Channel Flow 978

15.4.1 Specific Energy 981

15.4.2 Specific Energy Diagrams 986

15.5 Flow in a Channel of Uniform Depth 989

15.5.1 Uniform Flow Examples 994

15.5.2 Optimum Channel Cross Section 999

15.6 Flow in a Channel with Gradually Varying Depth 1003

15.7 Flow Under a Sluice Gate 1003

15.8 Flow Over a Weir 1009

15.9 Summary 1012

Problems 1014

Appendixes

Appendix A Fluid Property Data for Various Fluids A-1

Appendix B Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere B-1

Appendix C Unit Conversion Factors C-1

CREDITS D-1

INDEX I-1



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