This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Brain, Vision and Artificial Intelligence, BVAI 2007, held in Naples, Italy, October 10-12, 2007. The 50 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from more than 80 submissions for inclusion in the book. The papers address the following main topics: Basic Models in Visual Sciences, Cortical Mechanism of Vision, Color Processing in Natural Vision, Action Oriented Vision, Visual Recognition and Attentive Modulation, Biometric Recognition, Image Segmentation and Recognition, Disparity Calculation and Noise Analysis, Signal Identification in Neural Models, Natural and Artificial Representation Issues in Artificial Intelligence, Meaning-Interaction-Emotion, Robot Navigation and Control.