In recent years, plants have been increasingly explored for the production of biomedicinesand vaccine components. The two main advantages of plant systems arelow cost and a greater potential for scalability as compared to microbial or animalsystems. An additional advantage from the public health point of view is the highsafety compared to animal systems, which is important for vaccine production:there are no known plant pathogens capable of replicating in animals and inhumans, in particular. A particular antigen or a protein has to be expressed in a plantusing one of the many available platforms; this antigen/protein subsequently needsto be purified or processed, and later formulated into a vaccine or a therapeutic;these need to be delivered to a human or animal body via an appropriate route.Naturally, all these vaccines and therapeutics must be subjected to regulatoryapprovals prior to their use. Thus, the challenge is to adapt plant-based platformsfor the production of cost-efficient biomedicals that can be approved by FDA foruse as vaccine components or therapeutics, which will be competitive against existingvaccines and drugs.