This book contains 31 book chapters, divided into five sections. Section I contains 16 chapters describing step-wise protocols for micropropagation and chemical analysis of secondary compounds of different medicinal plants. Section II contains five chapters which address the transgenic approach for producing secondary metabolites. Section III contains two chapters which cover molecular markers/microsatellites. Section IV has six chapters which address biotransformation, bioreactors, and metablomics. Finally, section V contains two review chapters describing plant secondary metabolites in altered microgravity and role of biotechnology in producing anti-cancer compounds. Each chapter has been peer reviewed and revised accordingly.