This high-level monograph provides a comprehensive introduction to the design of refractive and diffractive micro-optical elements. It deals with a large number of novel methods for use in the development of diffractive optical elements (DOE) and includes accounts of well-established methods and algorithms for calculating DOEs, as well as new methods. Also examined are the theoretical and practical aspects of synthesizing optical components. This new book will prove to be a valuable source for methods and algorithms in the central area of optics measurement.