Large-scale efforts have been made since the 1990s to ensure that all children of the world go to school. But mere enrollment is not sufficient, students must learn fluent reading and calculation by the end of grade 2. The digital age requires ability to process volumes of text quickly and use the information for decisions that may ultimately reduce poverty. State-of-the-art brain imaging and cognitive psychology research offer insights to help improve the basic skills of low-income students. The book integrates this research into practical applications that extend from preschool brain development to the memory of adult educators.