This textbook provides a broad introduction to the field of geographic information systems and science, covering principles, techniques, and analysis methods, as well as practical management issues for using GIS in businesses. Authors Longley (U. College London, UK), Goodchild (U. of California at Santa Barbara, US), Maguire (Redlands, US), and Rhind (City U. London, UK) present chapters on representing geography; the nature of geographic data, georeferencing, and uncertainty in the section on principles. Software, data modeling, data collection, creating and maintaining geographic databases, and distributed GIS are covered in the section on techniques. The section on analysis contains chapters on cartography and map production; geovisualization; query, measurement, and transformation; descriptive summary, design, and inference; and spatial modeling. Management issues are reserved for the end.