Leading experts and innovators describe in detail plant cell electroporation and electrofusion techniques for many types of plants. Their protocols cover a diverse set of plant cell types, including different cell types from a single organism (i.e., leaf cells and pollen) and the most important model plants, including maize and tobacco. Each protocol also contains detailed instructions for growth and growth optimization, protoplast generation, and protoplast regeneration for specific plant cell types, along with extensive troubleshooting advice and descriptions of expected results to simplify study design.